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Osteoporosis and Diabetes

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

	Introduction

 
Osteoporosis is a bone condition defined by low bone mass, increased fragility, decreased bone quality, and an increased fracture risk.1 It is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease in the United States. Using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1991) reported that 34–50% of postmenopausal white women have osteopenia (T score –1–2.49) and 17–20% have osteoporosis (T score –2.5).2 Both low bone mass conditions increase fracture risks, with osteoporosis having the greater impact.

In 1995, the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) reported the annual cost of treating osteoporotic fractures to be $13.8 billion, an amount that is expected to double over the next 25 years because of the increasing elderly population.3

Although the disease historically has been reported mostly in white women, it can affect individuals of either sex and all ethnic groups.

Osteoporosis is not symptomatic until there is a fracture. One in five women are not diagnosed with osteoporosis despite presenting with a fracture. Any fracture (unrelated to motor vehicle accidents) sustained between the ages of 20 and 50 years is associated with a 74% increase in the future risk of fractures after the age of 50 years.4 Thus, the true occurrence of osteoporosis may be significantly underestimated because many women who suffer minimal trauma fractures still are not being evaluated for osteoporosis.5

The incidence of fractures increases with age, and this is associated with an increased mortality rate and an overall functional decline. During the first year following a hip fracture, the mortality rate is 36% for men and 21% for women.6 In certain patient groups, such as those with psychiatric disorders, the mortality rate has been reported to be >50%.7

If patients survive their fractures, they face greater risks of having . . . [Full Text of this Article]

	Risk Factors

 

	Type 1 diabetes

 

	Type 2 diabetes

 

	Gestational diabetes

 

	Prevention

 

	Evaluation

 

	Treatment

 

	Nonpharmacological therapy

 

	Pharmacological therapy

 

	Summary

 

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